Answer:
1) Electrons get farther from the nucleus.
2) a cation that has a smaller radius than the atom.
Explanation:
1) ionization energy is the energy required to remove the valence electron from an isolated gaseous atom of an element.
Thus it requires some energy to remove the electron as electrons are attracted towards nucleus (positive protons are present) due to nuclear charge.
As the size increases on moving top to bottom (due to more number of shells) the distance of electrons from the nucleus increases which decreases the effective nuclear charge on electrons, decreasing the ionization energy.
2) When an atom loses an electron it attains a positive charge and is known as cation.
A cation has smaller size than the neutral atom as the less electrons are attracted towards nucleus and thus feel more effective nuclear charge.
The answers are 1. The ionization energy tends to decrease from the top to the bottom of a group because D. Electrons get farther from the nucleus. 3. When electrons are removed from the outermost shell of a calcium atom, the atom becomes D. a cation that has a smaller radius than the atom.
The correct answer for question 1 is D. Electrons get farther from the nucleus best explains why ionization energy tends to decrease from the top to the bottom of a group
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gaseous state. As one moves down a group in the periodic table, the ionization energy tends to decrease. This is because each element down the group has an additional shell of electrons. The outermost electrons are farther from the nucleus, which means they experience a weaker effective nuclear charge. The increased distance from the nucleus and the screening effect of the inner electrons make it easier to remove an outer electron, thus decreasing the ionization energy.
The incorrect options can be explained as follows:
A. The number of orbitals increases, not decreases, as one moves down a group, which actually contributes to the decrease in ionization energy.
B. The number of neutrons generally increases as one moves down a group, but this does not directly affect the ionization energy.
C. Electrons do not get closer to the nucleus; in fact, they get farther away as additional electron shells are added, which is why the ionization energy decreases.
The correct answer for question 3 is D. a cation that has a smaller radius than the atom.
When electrons are removed from an atom, the atom becomes a cation (a positively charged ion). In the case of calcium, which has two electrons in its outermost shell, removing these electrons results in a Ca^2+ ion. Because the outermost electrons are no longer there to shield the nuclear charge, the remaining electrons are more strongly attracted to the nucleus. This causes the ion to have a smaller radius than the neutral atom.
The incorrect options can be explained as follows:
A. An anion is formed when an atom gains electrons, not when electrons are removed.
B. An anion would have a larger radius than the neutral atom because the added electrons increase repulsion and decrease the effective nuclear charge.
C. A cation has a smaller radius than the neutral atom, not a larger one, because the loss of electrons increases the effective nuclear charge, pulling the remaining electrons closer to the nucleus."
Propane burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and water. What is this type of chemical reaction called?
which of the following would undergo SN1 hydrolysis faster than tert-butyl chloride?
sec-butyl bromide, iso-butyl chloride, 2-bromo-2-phenyl ethane, tert-butyl iodide, 2-bromobut-1-ene, 3-bromobut-1-ene, 3-bromobut-2-ene
Also explain. ...?
Final answer:
Tert-butyl iodide reacts faster than tert-butyl chloride in SN1 hydrolysis due to iodide being a better leaving group.
Explanation:
Among the given options, tert-butyl iodide would undergo SN1 hydrolysis faster than tert-butyl chloride. This is because the rate-determining step of an SN1 reaction is the formation of a carbocation. Tert-butyl iodide and tert-butyl chloride both form the same stable tert-butyl carbocation when the leaving group departs. However, iodide is a better leaving group than chloride due to its larger size and weaker bond strength, which facilitates the formation of the carbocation.
What is the main difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?
A.
The number of ingredients in each will differ.
B.
The components of a homogeneous mixture are evenly distributed.
C.
A homogeneous mixture is easier to make.
D.
The components of a heterogeneous mixture are spaced evenly throughout.
Final answer:
The main difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture is that the components of a homogeneous mixture are evenly distributed throughout, making any sample taken from the mixture have the same composition. Conversely, a heterogeneous mixture does not have a uniform composition, and its different components can usually be seen and separated physically.
Explanation:
The main difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture is how the components are distributed within the mixture. A homogeneous mixture has its components evenly distributed throughout, meaning any sample taken from the mixture will have the same composition. In contrast, a heterogeneous mixture does not have a uniform composition, and the different components can usually be seen and separated physically. An example of a homogeneous mixture could be a solution of sugar dissolved in water, where the sugar and water are so thoroughly mixed that the composition is the same throughout the solution. On the other hand, a mixture of sand and water serves as an example of a heterogeneous mixture because the sand and water do not uniformly mix, allowing the components to be seen and separated easily.
Salt (NaCl) is _____.
an acid
a base
a neutral
What is the oxidation number of Nitrogen in HNO2?
+1
-1
+3
-3
The oxidation number of Nitrogen in HNO2 is +3. This is determined using the fact that oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, and hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in the compound.
Explanation:The oxidation number of Nitrogen in HNO2 (nitrous acid) is +3. When determining oxidation states, we use the rule that oxygen normally has an oxidation number of -2. Since there are two oxygen atoms in nitrous acid, their combined oxidation number is -4. Knowing hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1, we can set up an equation to find the oxidation state of nitrogen (N) in HNO2. Let x represent the oxidation number of nitrogen:
H (+1) + N (x) + 2 O (-2 each) = 0 (since the compound is neutral)
1 + x - 4 = 0
x - 3 = 0
x = +3
Therefore, the oxidation number of nitrogen in HNO2 is +3, which corresponds to one of the given options.
Which of the following is a characteristic of nonmetals?
Nonmetals do not conduct electricity.
Nonmetals are often malleable.
Nonmetals are often shiny and hard.
Nonmetals are often ductile. Which of the following is a characteristic of nonmetals?
Nonmetals do not conduct electricity.
Nonmetals are often malleable.
Nonmetals are often shiny and hard.
Nonmetals are often ductile.
Answer:
Nonmetals do not conduct electricity.
Explanation:
Most non metals do not conduct electricity because the majority of non metals do not have delocalised electrons, which is normally the case in metals and graphite or mobile ions, which is normally the case in soluble ionic substances, that can carry a charge around a circuit.
Nonmetals have the characteristic of not conducting electricity and are often not malleable. They are also generally not shiny and hard.
A characteristic of nonmetals is that they do not conduct electricity. Unlike metals, which are generally good conductors of electricity, nonmetals have high resistance to the flow of electric current.
Nonmetals are often not malleable, meaning they cannot be easily flattened or bent without breaking. Unlike metals, nonmetals tend to be brittle and breakable.
Nonmetals are generally not shiny and hard. Many nonmetals have dull surfaces and are softer than metals. For example, carbon in the form of graphite is a nonmetal that is soft and dull.
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solute will continue to dissolve in a solvent until:
a) an equilibrium is reached
b) it is all dissolved
c) there is as much dissolved as there is not dissolved
Answer:
A) An equilibrium is reached
Explanation:
In terms of the number of valence electrons, describe one cyclic property that can be observed in the model.
Write the complete balanced equation for the following reaction:
C4H10 + O2 yields CO2 + H2O
Now we will calculate the number of atoms on both sides of reagent and product side of the equation.
C4H10+O2→CO2+H2O
C=ll4 atoms on left; l1 atom on right
H=l10 atoms on left; 2 atoms on right
O=lll2 atoms on left; 3 atoms on right
Put 1 in front of C4H10
Now that you've done that you can start to balance the carbon atoms, placing number 4 before CO2.
1C4H10+O2→4CO2+H2O
lC=l4 atoms on left; m4 atoms on right
lH=10 atoms on left; ll2 atoms on right
lO=l2 atoms on left; lll9 atoms on right
Balance H atoms by placing a 5 in front of H2O.
1C4H10+O2→4CO2+5H2O
lC=l4 atoms on left; m4 atoms on right
lH=10 atoms on left; l10 atoms on right
lO=l2 atoms on left; ll13 atoms on right
Now you need to balance the O atoms by putting 6.5 before O2.
1C4H10+6.5O2→4CO2+5H2O
lC=l4 atoms on left; 4 atoms on right
lH = 10 atoms on left; 10 atoms on right
lO =l13 atoms on left; 13 atoms on right
To get rid of the fractions, multiply all coefficients by 2.
2C4H10+13O2→8CO2+10H2O
lC=8 atoms on left; ll8 atoms on right
H=20 atoms on left; 20 atoms on right
O=26 atoms on left; 26 atoms on right
The complete balanced equation for the following reaction C4H10 + O2 yields CO2 + H2O is....
2C4H10+13O2→8CO2+10H2O
Good luck~ Sans
Answer : The balanced chemical reaction will be,
[tex]2C_4H_{10}+13O_2\rightarrow 8CO_2+10H_2O[/tex]
Explanation :
Balanced chemical reaction : It is defined as the reaction in which the number of atoms of individual elements present on reactant side must be equal to the product side.
If the amount of atoms of each type on the left and right sides of a reaction differs then to balance the equation by adding coefficient in the front of the elements or molecule or compound in the chemical equation.
The coefficient tell us about that how many molecules or atoms present in the chemical equation.
The given chemical reaction is,
[tex]C_4H_{10}+O_2\rightarrow CO_2+H_2O[/tex]
This reaction is an unbalanced chemical reaction because in this reaction number of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are not balanced.
In order to balance the chemical equation, the coefficient '2' is put before the [tex]C_4H_{10}[/tex], coefficient '13' is put before the [tex]O_2[/tex], coefficient '8' is put before the [tex]CO_2[/tex] and coefficient '10' is put before the [tex]H_2O[/tex] and we get the balanced chemical equation.
The balanced chemical reaction will be,
[tex]2C_4H_{10}+13O_2\rightarrow 8CO_2+10H_2O[/tex]
The surface of water can act like a sort of skin due to a property of liquids called
a.
viscosity.
b.
surface tension.
c.
condensation.
d.
evaporation.
Answer:
surface tension
Explanation:
How much energy is required to raise the temperature of 3 g of silver from 15°C to 20°C?
The energy is required to raise the temperature of 3 g of silver from 15°C to 20°C is
Calculation:Specific heat capacity of silver (Csp) = 0.237 J/g°C
Given data,
Mass of silver in g (m) = 3g
Initial temperature (T1) = 15 °C
Final temperature (T2) = 20°C
Change in temperature (ΔT)= T2 - T1 = 20-15 = 5°C
Formula,
E = m×Csp×ΔT ...(I)
Put the value of all data in equation (i), we get
E = 3g × 0.237 J/g°C ×5°C
E = 3.555 J
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The __________ is a thin fiber that carries signals away from the cell body.
Answer:
axon
Explanation:
Axon is a thin fiber that carries signals away from the cell body. It is an extension responsible for transmitting signals to other cells, such as another neuron, glands or muscles. It is characterized by being longer than dendrites and can reach up to one meter in length in some species. In some neurons, the axon myelin sheath is observed, which is produced by two types of glial cells: the oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.
the density of tungsten is 1210 lb ft3 what would be its specific volume. wanted all working :(
Answer: Specific volume of Tungsten is [tex]\frac{8.26*10^-^4ft^3}{lb}[/tex] .
Explanation: The density of Tungsten is given as 1210 lb per cubic feet and it asks to calculate its specific volume.
Density is directly proportional to the mass and inversely proportional to the volume where as specific volume is directly proportional to the volume and inversely proportional to the mass. It means, specific volume is the reciprocal of density.
specific volume = [tex]\frac{1}{density}[/tex]
Let's plug in the given value of the density in above formula:
specific volume = [tex]\frac{1}{1210lb*ft^-^3}[/tex]
specific volume = [tex]\frac{0.000826ft^3}{lb}[/tex]
If we want to write the answer in scientific notations then need to move the decimal four places to the left and so it becomes [tex]\frac{8.26*10^-^4ft^3}{lb}[/tex]
What type of reaction is NaCl to Na + Cl2
Final answer:
The breaking down of NaCl into Na and Cl₂ appears to be a decomposition reaction, but the provided materials suggest an electrolysis process, where NaCl and water produce NaOH, hydrogen gas, and chlorine gas through electrolysis.
Explanation:
The reaction of sodium chloride (NaCl) breaking down into sodium (Na) and chlorine gas (Cl₂) is a type of chemical reaction known as a decomposition reaction. However, in the provided materials, NaCl doesn't appear to be converted directly to Na and Cl₂; instead, more information suggests the involvement of water (H₂O), which means the reaction discussed seems to be electrolysis, where 2NaCl(aq) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H₂(g) + Cl₂(g). This is a redox process wherein Na is reduced and Cl is oxidized. The synthesis reaction given in the materials where 2 Na(s) + Cl₂(g) → 2 NaCl(s) is more of a combination reaction.
which compound is a hydrocarbon
C6H12O6
H2O
CO2
C2H6
Answer:
Its C2H2
Explanation: ON EASTSIDE IT IS
For Mn3+, write an equation that shows how the cation acts as an acid.
The given reactions do not show Mn3+ acting specifically as an acid by donating protons. They primarily involve redox reactions, which describe the transfer of electrons resulting in oxidation state changes for the manganese ion.
Explanation:When Mn3+ cation acts as an acid, it can donate a proton (H+) to another species. In the presence of water, it could react in a way that would generate hydrogen ions (H+) along with a reduced form of manganese. However, the reactions provided do not directly show Mn3+ acting as an acid. Instead, they involve redox reactions where manganese changes oxidation state. For example, in the reaction MnO4 (aq) + 5Fe²+ (aq) + 8H+ (aq) → Mn²+ (aq) + 5Fe³+ (aq) + 4H₂O(l), Mn goes from an oxidation state of +7 in MnO4- to +2 in Mn2+, which is a reduction.
To write an equation showing Mn3+ acting as an acid, we need to consider a hypothetical reaction where Mn3+ donates a proton to a base such as water (H2O), which is not provided in the given data. Remember, if the correct equation is not clear from the question or additional resources, it is important not to speculate or create inaccurate representations of chemical processes.
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How many orbitals does the n=4 shell have ?
How many orbitals does the n = 4 shell have?
Answer is 16
What is a cathode?
A. The electrode that releases ions into the solution
B. The electrode at which a reduction reaction occurs
C. The electrode that is oxidized in a redox reaction
D. The electrode that donates electrons to the system
Answer: B. The electrode at which a reduction reaction occurs.
Explanation: I just took the quiz (A P E X)
Cathode is the electrode at which a reduction reaction occurs.
What is Cathode ?
Cathode is the electrode which occurs at reduction and current enters the cell. Cathode attracts cations. Cathode means negative side.
Now check options one by one
Option (A): The electrode not releasers ions into the solutions because here positive ions gains electrons not lose electrons.
So option (A) is incorrect.
Option (B): The electrode at which a reduction reaction occur and current enter in the cell.
So it is correct answer.
Option (C): The electrode that is oxidized in a redox reaction is anode not cathode.
So it is incorrect answer.
Option (D): Anode is the electrode which loses the electrons.
So, option (D) is incorrect.
Thus, we can say that Cathode is the electrode at which a reduction reaction occurs.
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look at this compound, why does magnesium has dative and covalent bonds with nitrogen? ...?
Which of the following best explains how water is able to dissolve ionic substances?
Answer
The positive and negative charges of the water molecule pull on the negative and positive ends of the ionic molecule to break them apart.
The strong hydrogen bond on water attracts the positive end of the ionic molecule and breaks the ionic bond.
The water molecule shares its electrons in a covalent bond with the positive end of the ionic molecule to break the ionic bond.
Water acts as a proton donor for the negative end of the ionic molecule to attract the anion and form a new ionic molecule. ...?
Answer: The positive and negative charges of the water molecule pull on the negative and positive ends of the ionic molecule to break them apart.
Explanation:
Ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents such as water as like dissolves like. Ionic compounds are made up of ions which remain attracted by coloumbic forces.
Thus to separate the ions, the positive and negative charges of polar solvent pulls the opposite charges of the ionic compounds and thus break them apart. Thus the ionic compounds dissolve in water.
Why doesnt science offer conclusive proof of phenomena
What is the IUPAC name for the compound FeS?
Answer:
The correct answer is “Iron(II) sulfide.”
Explanation:
It is pretty obvious there is presented an iconic compound made by iron written as Fe and a sulfur, S that is a nonmental instead. A metal as iron will form a cation and a nonmetal an anion. The sulfur will need 2 electrons from iron in order to complete its octet and in this way the iron equilibrates the sulfur. It can give it 2, so that is why we write it in Roman numbers, and form the formula above.
A 12.8 g sample of ethanol (C2H5OH) is burned in a bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of 5.65 kJ/°C. Using the information below, determine the final temperature of the calorimeter if the initial temperature is 25.0°C. The molar mass of ethanol is 46.07 g/mol.
delta H rxn = -1235
C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 +3H2O
The final temperature of the calorimeter is 85.71 degree C.
Heat of the reaction is -1235 kJ/mol
Heat discharged at the time of reaction is 1235 kJ/mol
The moles of ethanol are calculated by using the formula mass of ethanol / molar mass of ethanol
= 12.8 g / 46 g/mol = 0.278 moles
Thus, the no. of moles of ethanol is 0.278 moles
The heat released when ethanol is combusted is:
0.278 moles × 1235 kJ/mol = 343 kJ
The final temperature is determined as,
343 kJ = (heat capacity) (temperature difference)
343 kJ = 5.65 (T - 25)
T-25 = 343 / 5.65
T-25 = 60.71
T = 85.71 degree C
Thus, the final temperature is 85.71 degree C.
The final temperature of the system is 85.8°C.
We have the following information from the question;
Mass of ethanol = 12.8 g
Molar mass of ethanol= 46.07 g/mol
Heat of reaction= -1235 KJ/mol
Number of moles = 12.8 g/46.07 g/mol = 0.278 moles
Heat absorbed by calorimeter = number of moles × Heat of reaction =
0.278 moles × -1235 KJ/mol = -343.33 KJ
Given that;
Energy absorbed by the calorimeter = heat capacity × temperature rise
343.33 = 5.65 × (T2 - 25)
343.33 = 5.65T2 - 141.25
343.33 + 141.25 = 5.65T2
T2 = 343.33 + 141.25/5.65
T2 = 85.8°C
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How are bases named?
A. like monatomic elements
B. like polyatomic ions
C. like ionic compounds
D. like molecular compounds
Bases are named like ionic compounds.
Explanation;Ionic compounds are compounds that are formed as a result of ionic bond between metal and non-metal. This occurs as a result of transfer of electrons between the atoms involved where one losses electrons to form a cation and the other gains electrons to form an anion.Most bases like the ionic compounds they contain a cation and an anion, which forms a compound. An example would be: KOH (potassium hydroxide) and Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide.Bases are named using the following convention:
C. like ionic compounds.How are bases named?Bases are substances that can accept protons (H+) or donate pairs of electrons. They typically consist of a metal cation and a hydroxide anion (OH-). When naming bases, the name of the metal cation is written first, followed by the word "hydroxide."
For example:
Sodium hydroxide: NaOH
Calcium hydroxide: Ca(OH)2
Potassium hydroxide: KOH
In these examples, the metal cations (sodium, calcium, and potassium) are named first, followed by the word "hydroxide," which represents the hydroxide anion (OH-). The resulting compounds are ionic in nature.
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Which statement about enthalpy is true?
The enthalpy of formation for a pure element in its standard state is always positive.
The enthalpy of formation for a pure element in its standard state is always negative.
Enthalpy is a state function because its change depends only on initial and final conditions.
Enthalpy is not a state function because its change depends on the identities of the reactants and products.
Answer : Option C) Enthalpy is a state function because its change depends only on initial and final conditions.
Explanation : Enthalpy can be defined as a thermodynamic quantity which is equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It is equal to the internal energy of the system(U) plus the product of pressure and volume (PV).
E = U + PV ;
It is a state function as it only depends on the initial and final conditions, and not on the path taken to reach these reaction conditions.
Therefore, the integral of state functions can be taken using only two values: the final and initial values.
While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for _________________, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia.
Research indicates that schizophrenia is associated with an abundance of dopamine receptors, but glutamate and serotonin neurotransmitters are also involved, with implications for both symptom manifestation and treatment.
Explanation:While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for dopamine, it is indeed not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of the disorder. However, this view has evolved, and now it is understood that glutamate also plays a significant role, particularly in the non-competitive antagonism at NMDA receptors, which causes behavioral changes resembling schizophrenia in all three symptom domains - positive, negative, and cognitive. Additionally, serotonin levels may contribute to the disorder, with serotonergic drugs affecting symptomology and second-generation antipsychotics acting as 5HT-2 receptor antagonists. The complexity of neurotransmitter involvement indicates a more nuanced understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia, with the possibility that observed neurotransmitter differences could be a result of the disease, its treatment, or potentially causal to it.
Does sodium have a positive or negative charge after ionization?
Explanation:
Sodium has atomic number of 11 with electronic configuration of :
[tex][Na]=1s^22s^22p63s^1[/tex]
Sodium loose it single electron to attain stability of noble gas configuration. While this process electron gets removed from the outer shell of the sodium atom and it gains positive charge of +1.
[tex][Na^+]=1s^22s^22p63s^0[/tex]
[tex]Na\rightarrow Na^++e^-[/tex] (Ionization)
Which of the following is not true about chemical changes? a. They form a new substance. b. They can be reversed by physical changes. c. They can be detected by changes such as color. d. They have different properties from their starting materials.
Answer: The correct option is b.
Explanation: Chemical reaction is a reaction i which the chemical composition of the reactants gets changed and new substances having different chemical composition is formed. This reaction cannot be reversed by any physical means.
Indicators showing chemical changes are :
Color changeCharacteristic odorFormation of bubblesFormation of precipitateFrom the given information above, it can be stated that the correct option is b.
Final answer:
The incorrect statement about chemical changes is that they can be reversed by physical changes. Chemical changes result in new substances with different properties and typically require chemical reactions to reverse.
Explanation:
The statement that is not true about chemical changes is: b. They can be reversed by physical changes. Chemical changes involve a transformation where new substances are formed, typically through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. This process is known as a chemical reaction. Unlike physical changes, which only alter the appearance or state of a substance without changing its composition, chemical changes result in new products with entirely different properties from their starting materials.
To illustrate, when hydrogen and oxygen react to form water, this is a chemical change because it results in the formation of a new substance, water, with different properties than hydrogen and oxygen gas.
Observations that indicate a chemical change has occurred include a color change, temperature change, light given off, formation of bubbles, or formation of a precipitate. Examples of these are the rusting of iron or the souring of milk. Reversing such changes generally requires chemical reactions, not mere physical processes.
Which of the following is a possible set of quantum numbers for an electron n, l, m subscript l, m subscript ?
(1, 0, 0, +1)
(2, 2, 1, +½)
(4, -3, 0, -½)
(3, 2, 1, -½)
what is bulimia? can someone explain it to me.
Answer:
It is a obsessive eating disorder. Where one eats over the average amount and then makes themselves vomit. This is called purging. It is one of 3 main eating disorders. It is a very complex and misunderstood disease. One typically confuses it with binge eating or anorexia.