How many molecules of water are released during the polymerization of a 20 monomer long cellulose molecule
Answer: 19 water molecules
Explanation:
Polymerization can be defined as the process by which monomers gets attached to one another to form a polymer. Example: ethene polymerize to form polyethylene.
Polymerization of 20 monomers of cellulose molecules releases 19 molecules of water.
Polymer bond is formed when -OH group from the first monomers is attached to the H molecules of the second monomers.
For, 20 monomers there will be 19 water molecules released.
The polymerization of a 20 monomer-long cellulose molecule RELEASES 19 MOLECULES of water (H2O).
Cellulose is a carbohydrate polymer composed of many glucose units (i.e., monomers) joined by glycosidic bonds.When a glycosidic bond is formed, a water (H2O) molecule is released.Thus, glycosidic bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis reactions.A cellulose molecule composed of 20 monomers of glucose contains 19 glycosidic bonds.In conclusion, the polymerization of a 20 monomer-long cellulose molecule RELEASES 19 molecules of water (H2O).
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Give an example of a prime-stimulus pair that would produce priming and another pair that would not. what do these priming effects tell us about categorization?
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus facilitates the reply to one another stimulus. In the category "fruit," every person give a higher typicality points to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that the word "fruit" will lead to a bigger priming result for banana than for kiwi.
Place the primers in the correct orientation and locations to amply this gene by pcr. if a primer does not belong in a particular location, place the label with an "x" in that location. note that the arrows on the primers represent the direction of dna synthesis.
DNA replication is the process of doubling a DNA double chain. In cells, DNA replication occurs before cell division. Prokaryotes continually replicate DNA. In eukaryotes, the timing of DNA replication is highly regulated, ie in the S phase of the cell cycle, before mitosis or meiosis I. The multiplication utilizes the DNA polymerase enzyme which helps form bonds between the nucleotides that make up the DNA polymer. The process of DNA replication can also be carried out in vitro in a process called a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Further ExplanationA slow strand (Lagging strand) is a DNA strand located on the opposite side of the leading strand on the replication fork. These strands are synthesized in segments called Okazaki fragments. In this string, primases form RNA primers. The DNA polymerase can thus use OH 3 'free groups in the RNA primer to synthesize DNA in the direction of 5' → 3 '. The primary RNA fragments are then removed (for example by RNase H and DNA Polymerase I) and new deoxyribonucleotides are added to fill the gaps that were previously occupied by RNA. DNA ligase then connects the Okazaki fragments so that the synthesis of lagging strands is complete.
Primers both on the steering strand and on the lagging strand will elongate with the help of Holoenzyme DNA polymerase III. This multisubunit complex is a dimer, half will work on the steering strand and the other half will work on lagging strands. Thus, the synthesis of the two strands will run at the same speed.
Each dimer part of the two strands consists of subunit a, which has the actual polymerase function, and subunit e, which has an editing function in the form of exonuclease 3'– 5 ’. In addition, there is a subunit b that attaches polymerase to DNA.
Once the primers in the remaining strand are removed by DNA polymerase III, they will be removed immediately and the gaps caused by the loss of the primer are filled with DNA polymerase I, which has 5 '- 3' polymerase activity, 5 '- 3' exonuclease, and editing 3 exonuclease '- 5'. Eksonuklease 5 '- 3' discard the primer, while the polymerase will fill the gap caused. Finally, the Okazaki fragments will be united by the DNA ligase enzyme. In vivo, the dimoenzyme DNA polymerase III and primosomes are believed to form large complexes called replisomes. With the replisom DNA synthesis will take place at 900 bp per second.
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Details
Grade: College
Subject: Biology
keywords: DNA, RNA, replication.
Primers should be located in the 5' end of the sequence because only in this direction, DNA polymerase enzyme work properly.
Further Explanation:
DNA synthesis is a very organized and highly systemic process. The addition of bases in both strands takes place from 5’ to 3’ end of the new DNA strand using all the DNA polymerase. The only difference is the continuous and discontinuous synthesis of DNA in leading and lagging strands, respectively. Three types of DNA polymerase are found, and each has some specific function during DNA replication. A common feature of all three polymerases is the addition of nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ direction of the new DNA strand.
DNA primase plays an essential role in the synthesis of primers. These primers, in turn, are used by DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands. DNA polymerase requires primers to start the synthesis of the new strands. Enzyme primase is responsible for the synthesis of these primers. In vitro DNA synthesis occurs with the help of PCR. To amplify a genetic sequence with the help of polymerase chain reaction require a reverse primer and forward primer.
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Answer Details:
Grade: High School
Subjects: Biology
Chapter: Molecular Biology
Keywords:
DNA polymerase, synthesis, primer, PCR, forward, primer, continuous, strand, systemic feature, leading lagging, replication, primase.
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a) Identify at least two ways that runoff can negatively impact an ecosystem
b) Describe what happens during the process of transpiration
How does water rise from the roots of a redwood tree to the very top
Some plants (grasses) tend to contain a greater concentration of chlorophyll than others (pines). can you develop a hypothesis to explain this? would it be testable?
Plants, like grasses and pines, may differ in chlorophyll concentration due to adaptation to light availability. Testing this hypothesis involves controlled experiments and field studies to compare chlorophyll levels and plant performance.
Hypothesis:
Plants with a greater concentration of chlorophyll, such as grasses compared to pines, may exhibit this difference due to their adaptation to light availability in their respective environments. The hypothesis suggests that plants in open, sun-exposed habitats (grasses) have evolved to capture and utilize light more efficiently for photosynthesis. In contrast, plants in shaded or coniferous environments (pines) may have adapted to lower light levels and, therefore, do not require as high a concentration of chlorophyll.
Testability:
This hypothesis is testable through controlled experiments and comparative studies. Researchers could grow grasses and pines under identical conditions, manipulating light intensity to simulate both open and shaded environments. Measurements of chlorophyll concentration, photosynthetic rates, and overall plant growth could then be compared between the two groups. Additionally, field studies comparing chlorophyll concentrations in natural habitats of grasses and pines under varying light conditions would provide observational evidence.
The hypothesis to explain the greater concentration of chlorophyll in some plants, such as grasses, compared to others, like pines, could be that grasses, being herbaceous plants, have a higher photosynthetic capacity due to their growth habit and habitat, which requires rapid growth and regeneration.
To test this hypothesis, one could measure the chlorophyll content per unit leaf area in both grasses and pines across various light conditions. Additionally, the photosynthetic rate could be measured to see if it correlates with chlorophyll content. If the hypothesis is correct, grasses should consistently show both higher chlorophyll content and higher photosynthetic rates than pines, especially in high-light conditions.
The hypothesis is testable through controlled experiments and field studies that measure chlorophyll content using non-destructive methods like chlorophyll meters or more accurate destructive methods involving pigment extraction and spectrophotometry. Photosynthetic rates can be measured using a portable photosynthesis system. By comparing these measurements across different light environments, one can determine whether the differences in chlorophyll content are adaptive to the light conditions in which the plants grow.
In summary, the hypothesis that grasses have evolved to have higher chlorophyll concentrations than pines due to their differing growth habits and light requirements is testable through direct measurements of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates under various environmental conditions.
What is the best definition of ETS reactions?A. a set of reactions that is used to create alcoholic beverages from grains B. a set of reactions that occurs in muscle cells when oxygen is absent C. a set of reactions that is the primary route of ATP production in cells D. a set of reactions that uses oxygen to break down glucose into pyruvic
What kind of stimulus travels from the motor neuron to skeletal muscle?
what are some results of genetic engineering that could improve a person's health
The following tracking model was created for Hurricane Katrina on August 26, 2005.
Map of Gulf Coast showing the forecasted path of Hurricane Katrina on August 26, 2005. The storm's current location, as of 5 p.
Public Domain
According to this model, when is the storm forecast to make landfall? (2 points)
Friday, 5 p.m.
Saturday, 2 p.m.
Sunday, 2 p.m.
Monday, 2 p.m.
Answer:
Monday 2 PM
Explanation:
The given details we can calculate the exact time. If a hurricane maintains a constant speed it will strike with the gulf cost by Monday on 2 PM and make land fall which results in heavy damage to the properties located along the gulf cost.
Answer: Monday 2pm
Explanation: just took the test scored this question right!
The majority of liquid fresh water within earth exists in ____________.
Which reactions in glycolysis are physiologically irreversible?
What structures of chelicerates are analogous to the antennae of chilopoda and other mandibulates?
In chelicerates, pedipalps serve functions analogous to antennae found in chilopoda and mandibulates, with ovigers present in some species for grooming and carrying eggs.
Chelicerates, which include animals like spiders, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs, do not possess antennae like those found in chilopoda and other mandibulates. Instead, the second pair of appendages, known as the pedipalps, serve some of the functions that antennae perform in other arthropods, such as sensing the environment and manipulating food. Additionally, in some chelicerate species, like sea spiders, an extra set of leg appendages called ovigers are present and are used for grooming purposes and by males to carry eggs.
Which microscope did Anton van Leeuwenhoek use to observe single-celled organisms?
Answer:
B
Explanation:
A _____ accelerates a chemical reaction in a cell.
substrate
catalyst
buffer
Answer:
A catalyst accelerates a chemical reaction in a cell.
Choose one concrete example of a cells response after its signal has been received and describe it.
Which term applies to the biological aspect of a woodchuck living in underground burrows, eating plant food, and feeding often in open areas? A. productivity B. niche C. ecosystem D. energy flow
You are running very fast during a basketball game and you notice that you are breathing faster and deeper. which nerve controls the rate that you breathe?
Hector is back from his morning run and is feeling lightheaded because his energy is depleted. Which food item will provide him with a quick source of carbohydrates?
Answer:
Yams and Sweet PotatoesExplanation:
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that is found in living tissues, foods and sugars, cellulose and starch. It contains hydrogen and the oxygen in the same ratio as water. It is broken down i n the human body to release energy. There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Sugars and refined carbs are the quick sources of energy. Yams and Sweet potatoes and dark chocolate and Bananas can be eaten for quick energy. Simple carbs can are easily digested and absorbed while the complex carbs take time.
Dr. Bob hypothesizes that drug X causes cuts to heal more quickly. He performs a medical experiment on a group of 100 people and confirms his original hypothesis. In the control group, a 1 cm cut took seven days to heal. In the experimental group, a 1 cm cut took four days to heal. What should Dr. Bob do next?
Dr. Bob should replicate the study, perform statistical analysis to confirm significance, seek peer review, publish the findings, and conduct further research to explore the drug's mechanism and potential side effects.
Explanation:Once Dr. Bob has found results suggesting that drug X speeds up the healing process, he should conduct further research to confirm the findings and rule out any potential factors that could have affected the outcome. These steps typically involve:
Replicating the study to see if the same results can be consistently achieved, which might include increasing the sample size or trying the experiment in different conditions.Perform statistical analyses to ensure that the findings are statistically significant and not due to chance, which might involve p-value calculations, confidence intervals, and possibly correcting for multiple comparisons if applicable.Peer reviewing the research and publishing the results so that the scientific community can examine and validate the findings.Conducting further studies to explore the mechanism by which the drug accelerates healing and to identify any side effects or long-term implications.Such thorough investigation is a critical part of the scientific process, particularly when the research involves pharmaceutical drugs and potential treatment programs.
Final answer:
Dr. Bob should replicate the experiment to confirm results, check for statistical significance, and consider external factors. If the results remain consistent, he could seek peer review and conduct clinical trials.
Explanation:
Dr. Bob has found that drug X causes cuts to heal more quickly, with the experimental group showing a healing time reduction from seven days to four days compared to the control group. To validate these findings, Dr. Bob should conduct further testing to confirm the drug's efficacy. This could include replicating the experiment to ensure consistency in the results, analyzing the data for statistical significance, and considering external factors that could have contributed to the difference in healing times. Once these steps are complete, if the results are still positive, Dr. Bob may seek peer review, publish his findings, and eventually move towards larger-scale clinical trials.
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Grasses can withstand the fires common to grasslands because grasses _____.
are full of moisture
store water in their leaves
grow thickly together
have extensive root systems
The answer is; have extensive root systems
Most grasses have ‘runner’ roots which are stems of the plant that grow horizontally below the soil surface. The buds on the stem are what gro to the leaves that emerge from the soil surface and we see as grass blades. Adventitious roots also grow downwards from this stem. Wildfires are not able to reach the stem and roots under the soil surface so grass can easily regrow even if the blades are destroyed.
Answer:
have extensive root systems
Explanation:
What does it mean to be predisposed to getting cancer? if you inherit a mutated cell cycle gene, does that automatically mean that you will get cancer some day? if you inherit a mutated cell cycle gene and participate in risky behaviors such as sunbathing, does that mean that you will automatically get cancer some day?
Interested in losing weight, frederica seeks the advice of her doctor. dr. rothschild recommends a medication that can help her by acting as a serotonin agonist. what medication is frederica's doctor recommending?
The daughter of a 79-year-old woman asks the nurse why her mother gets so many infections. the daughter states, "my mother has always been healthy, but now she has pneumonia. last month she got cellulitis from a bug bite she scratched. the month before she had a urinary infection. why does she seem to get sick so often now?" what is the nurse's best response?
"As we age, immune system weakens. Lifestyle, chronic conditions, medications affect susceptibility. Discuss with healthcare provider for personalized care."
1. "It's understandable to be concerned about your mother's recent health challenges. Several factors could contribute to her increased susceptibility to infections as she ages."
2. "One significant factor is the natural decline in the immune system's function as we grow older. This decline, known as immunosenescence, can make older adults more vulnerable to infections."
3. "Additionally, lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and sleep patterns can influence immune function. Changes in these areas over time may impact your mother's ability to fight off infections."
4. "Chronic medical conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or respiratory issues can also weaken the immune system, making individuals more prone to infections."
5. "Lastly, medications or medical treatments your mother may be receiving could suppress her immune system or alter her body's ability to fight infections."
6. "To address your concerns and ensure your mother receives the best care, I recommend discussing her medical history and current health status with her healthcare provider."
One concern that arises from building a dam is that fish are not able to migrate. One way that fish can gain passage to their destinations is by _____
a. fish ladders
b.fish trucks
c.fish boxes
d.fish escalators
Answer:
The correct answer is option A. Fish ladders
Explanation:
Fish ladders are a stair-like structure that gives the passage to the migrating fish to get around a dam to their destinations. As dams are an obstruction to fishes like salmon that migrate in the river upstream to breed, fish ladders have been created to allow the fish to get to their destinations by providing a passage around the dam.
Thus, the correct answer is option A. Fish ladder.
The correct answer is A. Fish ladders.
Explanation
A fish ladder is the name given to the canal or structure found some reservoirs or dams, that connects it with the current of the river. These systems were created to prevent fish from being trapped in the reservoirs and therefore, prevents fish are unable to find their food and live in the rivers. Additionally, fish ladders are the main way to guarantee fish can migrate to other places which is essential for natural biological processes such as reproduction. So, the correct answer is A. Fish ladders.
In a population of 75 mice, what would be the size of their gene pool for a particular gene?
a. 25
b. 50
c. 75
d. 100
e. 150
In a population of 75 mice, the size of their gene pool for a particular gene would be 150, since each mouse contributes two alleles to the gene pool. Thus, the correct answer is e. 150.
Considering that each mouse has two alleles for each gene (one from each parent), the total count will be twice the population size. Therefore, in a population of 75 mice, each mouse would contribute two alleles, making the size of the gene pool for that particular gene:
75 mice x 2 alleles per mouse = 150 alleles
The brain can cope with injury more easily during:
Which statements describe examples of facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane via transport proteins without energy input, following their concentration gradient. Materials like glucose and amino acids are the prime examples and use carrier or channel proteins, such as aquaporins for osmosis, to cross the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion is a process where polar molecules or ions pass through the cellular membrane with the aid of specific transport proteins. Unlike active transport, this process does not require energy because molecules move down their concentration gradient. Examples of facilitated diffusion include the transport of glucose and amino acids across a cell membrane. Transport proteins that are involved in facilitated diffusion can be channel proteins or carrier proteins.
For instance, glucose will bind with a specific transport protein, forming a complex that can cross the cell membrane. Similarly, aquaporins are channel proteins that enable water molecules to pass through the membrane, assisting in osmosis.
When mediated transport involves two substances using the same channel protein, it can be referred to as symport or antiport dynamics, depending on the direction of transport for each of the substances.
what organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not
Which of the following would cause an error in DNA replication?
A.DNA ligase taking apart chunks of DNA
B.Helicase making a replication fork
C.DNA polymerase pairing new Cs with Gs
D.DNA polymerase checking the DNA
Answer:
C
Explanation:
DNA polymerase inserts a wrong base
Answer:
DNA ligase taking apart chunks of DNA
Explanation: